*** UNIX MANUAL PAGE BROWSER ***

twm(1X) twm(1X) NAME twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System SYNOPSIS twm [-display dpy] [-s] [-f initfile] [-v] OPTIONS twm accepts the following command line options: This option specifies the X server to use. This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environment vari- able) should be managed. By default, twm will attempt to manage all screens on the display. This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By default, twm will look in the user's home directory for files named (where num is a screen number) or This option indicates that twm should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in regular use. DESCRIPTION twm is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides title- bars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings. This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup script. When used from xdm(1X) without a session manager, twm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last client. When run this way, exiting twm causes the session to be terminated (that is, logged out). By default, application windows are surrounded by a "frame" with a ti- tlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as "titlebuttons" at the left and right edges of the titlebar. Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button. In the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are de- iconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon man- ager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the func- tion f.showiconmgr). Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the ti- tle or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it. When new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location in- formation requested by the user (usually through -geometry command line argument or resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the current posi- tion and give it the default size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the win- dow its current position but allow the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the window its current position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen. CUSTOMIZATION Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each screen being managed when twm begins): The screennumber is a small positive number (for example, 0, 1, and so forth.) representing the screen number (for example, the last number in the DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used to contact that screen of the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of differing visual types. This is the usual name for an indi- vidual user's startup file. If neither of the preceding files are found, twm will look in this file for a default configuration. This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for novice users. <XRoot> refers to the root of the X11 install tree. If no startup files are found, twm will use the built-in defaults de- scribed above. The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath for a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1X)). twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifi- cations: Variables, Bindings, Menus. The Variables section must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The Bindings section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The Menus section gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to be executed). Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be sur- rounded by double quote characters (for example, "blue") and are case- sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment. VARIABLES Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled by variables that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these. Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a newline. For example: AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" } or AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" } When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched (for example, to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named "emacs" as well as any xterm (since they are of class "XTerm") or xmh windows (which are of class "Xmh"). String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps, Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the default titlebars symbols: :xlogo or :delete (both refer to the X logo), :dot or :iconify (both refer to the dot), :resize (the nested squares used by the resize button), :menu (a page with lines), and :question (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files). The following variables may be specified at the top of a twm startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list. Optional arguments are shown in square brackets: This variable speci- fies a list of windows that should automatically be raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function f.autoraise. This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when ini- tially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges. In- stead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount. This allows the resizing of windows that extend off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, twm will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent ac- cidents). This option is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes. This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around all non- iconified windows, and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for dif- ferent types of windows. For example: BorderColor "gray50" { "XTerm""red" "xmh" "green" } The default is "black". This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted bor- ders (only if NoHighlight has not been set), and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The op- tional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "white". This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted bor- ders (only if NoHighlight has not been set), and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The op- tional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "black". This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has not been specified. This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by twm (such as the icon manager). The default is 2. This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Positive values cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they stand out. Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes title- buttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1. This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value of BorderWidth. This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is capable of displaying more than simple black and white. The colors-list is made up of the following color variables and their values: DefaultBackground, DefaultForeground, MenuBack- ground, MenuForeground, MenuTitleBackground, MenuTitleFore- ground, MenuShadowColor, PointerForeground, and PointerBack- ground. The following color variables may also be given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor for details): BorderColor, IconMan- agerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground, Ti- tleBackground, TitleForeground, IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerFore- ground. For example: Color { MenuBackground "gray50" MenuForeground "blue" BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" } TitleForeground "yellow" TitleBackground "blue" } All of these color variables may also be specified for the Mono- chrome variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both color and monochrome displays. This variable spec- ifies the length of time between button clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will cause the window to be moved only in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained moves. The default is 400 mil- liseconds. This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined ei- ther from the cursor font or from two bitmap files. Shapes from the cursor font may be specified directly as: cursorname "string" where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and string is the name of a glyph as found in the file <XRoot>/in- clude/X11/cursorfont.h (without the "XC_" prefix). If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead: cursorname "image" "mask" The image and mask strings specify the names of files containing the glyph image and mask in bitmap(1X) form. The bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files. The fol- lowing example shows the default cursor definitions: Cursors { Frame "top_left_arrow" Title "top_left_arrow" Icon "top_left_arrow" IconMgr "top_left_arrow" Move "fleur" Resize "fleur" Menu "sb_left_arrow" Button "hand2" Wait "watch" Select "dot" Destroy "pirate" } This variable indicates that tran- sient windows (those containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default, transients are not repar- ented. This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is "white". This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for siz- ing and information windows. The default is "black". This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconi- fied by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager. This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be overridden by the f.forcemove function. This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below. If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be prevented from being squeezed. This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons variable should override any client-sup- plied pixmaps. This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels. This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a GrayScale default visual. See the description of Colors. This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "white". This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete descrip- tion of the win-list. The default is "black". This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows. The default is 2. This variable specifies the direc- tory that should be searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource. This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons. The default is "variable". This variable speci- fies the foreground color to be used when displaying icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black". This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user will remap the window through the icon manager, the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu. If the optional win-list is provided, only those windows will be iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's startup file. This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete descrip- tion of the win-list. The default is "white". This variable in- dicates that the icon manager should not display any windows. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or xload) from taking up space in the icon manager. This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager entries. The default is "variable". This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icon manager entries, and may only be spec- ified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The op- tional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor vari- able for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black". This variable specifies the geometry of the icon man- ager window. The string argument is standard geometry specifi- cation that indicates the initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into columns pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows. The default number of columns is 1. This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete descrip- tion of the win-list. The default is "black". This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the iconmgr-list has the following format: "winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns where winname is the name of the windows that should be put into this icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon manager window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry specification, and columns is the number of columns in this icon manager as de- scribed in IconManagerGeometry. For example: IconManagers { "XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5 "myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2 } Clients whose name or class is "XTerm" will have an entry cre- ated in the "XTerm" icon manager. Clients whose name was "my- host" would be put into the "myhost" icon manager. This vari- able specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager. When used in conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon manager. This variable specifies an area on the root win- dow in which icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by the client. The geomstring is a quoted string con- taining a standard geometry specification. If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will be put into the succeed- ing icon regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument should be either North or South and control and is used to con- trol whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the icon region. Similarly, the hgrav argument should be either East or West and is used to control whether icons should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels wide and grid- height pixels high. This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons. For example: Icons { "XTerm" "xterm.icon" "xfd" "xfd_icon" } Windows that match "XTerm" and would not be iconified by unmap- ping, and would try to use the icon bitmap in the file "xterm.icon". If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap. This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified colors. In the example below: Menu "mymenu" { "Title" ("black":"red") f.title "entry1" f.nop "entry2" f.nop "entry3" ("white":"green")f.nop "entry4" f.nop "entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop } the foreground colors for "entry1" and "entry2" will be interpo- lated between black and white, and the background colors between red and green. Similarly, the foreground for "entry4" will be half-way between white and red, and the background will be half- way between green and white. This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed and is used to re- quest titles on specific windows when NoTitle has been set. This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default width is 32767 - screen width. The default height is 32767 - screen height. This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white". This variable speci- fies the font to use when displaying menus. The default is "variable". This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The default is "black". This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The default is "black". This variable speci- fies the background color for f.title entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The default is "white". This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black". This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the de- scription of Colors. This variable specifies the number of pix- els the pointer must move before the f.move function starts working. Also see the f.deltastop function. The default is zero pixels. This variable indicates that twm's menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store. This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names in an icon manager. This option is typically used with applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon name. This variable indicates that twm should not supply the default titlebuttons and bind- ings. This option should only be used if the startup file con- tains a completely new set of bindings and definitions. This variable indicates that twm should not grab the server when pop- ping up menus and moving opaque windows. This variable indi- cates that borders should not be highlighted to track the loca- tion of the pointer. If the optional win-list is given, high- lighting will only be disabled for those windows. When the bor- der is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current BorderColor. When the border is not highlighted, it will be stippled with a gray pattern using the current BorderTileForeground and Border- TileBackground colors. This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created. This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typi- cally used with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly harder to read. This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised. This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other. This variable indicates that win- dows should not be raised when resized. This is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other. This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function. If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer ending up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior with f.warpring). This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection. It is typ- ically used with displays that can repaint faster than they can handle save-unders. This variable indicates that client window requests to change stacking order should be ignored. If the op- tional win-list is given, only requests on those windows will be ignored. This is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the window stack. This variable indicates that windows should not have ti- tlebars. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have titlebars. MakeTitle may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows. This variable indicates that twm should not set keyboard input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally, twm sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon managers are de- livered to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly and twm is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old window instead of the new. This option is typically used to prevent this "input lag" and to work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events. This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is used to indi- cate the window that currently has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have highlight areas. This and the SqueezeTi- tle options can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars. This variable indicates that the f.move function should actually move the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately see what the window will look like in the new position. This option is typi- cally used on fast displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set). This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword indicat- ing the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps may be specified: Pixmaps { TitleHighlight "gray1" } The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pat- tern. This variable sets twm's priority. priority should be an unquoted, signed number (for example, 999). This variable has an effect only if the server supports the SYNC extension. This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the user drag out an outline. This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when resizing windows. The default is "fixed". This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left visi- ble. This is typically used to try to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window manager was shut- down. This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIOR- ITY_COLORS. Clients may elect to preserve these values when in- stalling their own colormap. Note that use of this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid the "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window borders and title- bars disappear when a programs custom colors are installed by the window manager. For example: SaveColor { BorderColor TitleBackground TitleForeground "red" "green" "blue" } This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken from the default colormap. This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when twm is started. It can always be brought up using the f.showiconmgr function. This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new win- dows to the end. This variable indicates that twm should at- tempt to use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the window. The optional squeeze-list may be used to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window. It contains entries of the form: "name" justification num denom where name is a window name, justification is either left, cen- ter, or right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar is justi- fied. The ratio is measured from left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative. A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right. For example: SqueezeTitle { "XTerm" left 0 0 "xterm1" left 1 3 "xterm2" left 2 3 "oclock" center 0 0 "emacs" right 0 0 } The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain titles. This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user. If the optional win-list is given, only those win- dows will be started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not support an -iconic command line option or resource. This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "white". This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have a border. The default is 1. This variable specifies the font to be used for displaying window names in titlebars. The default is "variable". This variable specifies the fore- ground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "black". This variable speci- fies the distance between the various buttons, text, and high- light areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels. This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the Icons list. This variable specifies whether or not twm should honor program-requested locations (given by the PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user- specified position. The argument string may have one of three values: "off" (the default) indicating that twm should ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for working around a bug in older toolkits. This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when they are de- iconified. If the optional win-list is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified. This vari- able specifies a list of windows along which the f.warpring function cycles. This variable indicates that the f.warpto function should deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as xmh), no matter where it is. The de- fault is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows. This vari- able specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclusive- or'ed with the contents of the user's typical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By default, twm will at- tempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics. This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its iconi- fied state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified or deiconified. The optional count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8. The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or begin- ning of the bindings sections: This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button event is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu con- taining window operations. This variable specifies the function to ex- ecute when a window is selected from the TwmWindows menu. If this variable is not set, the window will be deiconified and raised. BINDINGS After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to- right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button bindings may be given in any order. Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them: LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" = function or RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function The bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name described above. Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords But- ton1-Button5: "FP1" = modlist : context : function Button1 = modlist : context : function The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control, lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a verti- cal bar (|). Similarly, the context is any combination of window, ti- tle, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbrevia- tion is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar. The function is any of the f. keywords described below. For example, the default startup file contains the following bindings: Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows" Button1 = m : win- dow | icon : f.function "move-or-lower" Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise" Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or- raise" Button2 = : title : f.raiselower Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify" Button2 = : icon : f.iconify Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could use the following bindings: "F1" = : all : f.iconify "F2" = : all : f.raiselower "F3" = : all : f.warpring "next" "F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh" "F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs" "F6" = : all : f.colormap "next" "F7" = : all : f.colormap "default" "F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next" "Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr "Right"= m | s: all : f.forwiconmgr "Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr "Down" = m | s: all : f.downiconmgr twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be con- veniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is speci- fied), most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and button strokes. To do this, twm associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined functions for building higher level primitives and menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions. User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute. For ex- ample: Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower } Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise } Function "move-or- iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify } Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower } The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in the function specification. In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button press will be chosen: This is an abbreviation for f.exec string. This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable AutoRaise. This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary. This function sounds the keyboard bell. This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen. This function lowers the top-most window that oc- cludes another window. This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window. This function rotates the col- ormaps (obtained from the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that twm will display when the pointer is in this window. The argument string may have one of the following values: next, prev, and default. It should be noted here that in general, the installed colormap is de- termined by keyboard focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus will in- stall a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the colormap. Using the click to type model, private colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on the target window. This func- tion deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon, this function does nothing. This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window if the client application has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property. The application is sup- posed to respond to the message by removing the indicated window. If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very different from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single window, not necessarily the entire application. This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels. See the example de- finition given for Function "move-or-raise" at the beginning of the section. This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of the client that created the selected window. This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also f.delete. This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary. This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for ex- ecution. In multiscreen mode, if string starts a new X client without giving a display argument, the client will appear on the screen from which this function was invoked. This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the selected window already was focused, this function executes an f.unfocus. This function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff variable. This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon manager, wrap- ping to the beginning of the next row if necessary. This function re- sizes the selected window to the full size of the display or else re- stores the original size if the window was already zoomed. This func- tion executes the user-defined function whose name is specified by the argument string. This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom. This function unmaps the current icon manager. This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the selected window is resized to the full width of the display. This function is a synonym for f.topzoom. This function is a synonym for f.horizoom. This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively. This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the selected window. If the server supports the SYNC extension, the priority of the client own- ing the window is also displayed. Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it. This function similar to f.backi- conmgr except that wrapping does not change rows. This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but causes the selected window is only resized to the left half of the display. This function lowers the selected window. This function invokes the menu specified by the argu- ment string. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to f.menu. This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the invoking pointer button is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical de- pending on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button before releasing the first button. This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows on the current or any succeeding screen. This function does nothing and is typically used with the DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to intro- duce blank lines in menus. This function warps the pointer to the pre- vious icon manager containing any windows on the current or preceding screens. This function sets the priority of the client owning the se- lected window to the numeric value of the argument string, which should be a signed integer in double quotes (for example, "999"). This func- tion has an effect only if the server supports the SYNC extension. This function causes twm to restore the window's borders and exit. If twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will result in a server reset. This function raises the selected window. This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered. This function causes all windows to be refreshed. This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border (or setting AutoRelativeRe- size) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a resize, press another button before re- leasing the first button. This function kills and restarts twm. This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping does not change rows. This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function ex- cept that the selected window is only resized to the right half of the display. This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window prop- erty. Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for this message, the keyboard bell will be rung. This function maps the current icon manager. This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager alphabetically. See the variable SortIconManager. This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition. It should not be used in any other context. This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window is only resized to the top half of the display. This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be used when a focused window is no longer desired. This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same col- umn if necessary. This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom. This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom. This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as indicated by the argument string, which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable. This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class that matches string. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconi- fied if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored. This func- tion warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager specified by the ar- gument string. If string is empty (that is, ), the current icon man- ager is chosen. This function warps the pointer to the screen speci- fied by the argument string. String may be a number (for example, "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skip- ping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating the cur- rent screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last screen visited. This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that only the selected window is re- freshed. This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except that the only the height of the selected window is changed. MENUS Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a title- button) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the menu as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for individual items: Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ] { string1 [ ("fore1":"backn")] function1 string2 [ ("fore2":"backn")] function2 . . . stringN [ ("foreN":"backN")] functionN } The menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and defback argu- ments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color dis- play to highlight menu entries. The string portion of each menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu. The optional fore and back arguments specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground and MenuBackground variables. The function portion of the menu entry is one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional menus. There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of all of the client and twm-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will cause the WindowFunction to be executed on that window. If WindowFunc- tion has not been set, the window will be deiconified and raised. ICONS twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automati- cally arranged as described by the IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more effi- cient use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among win- dows from the keyboard. An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all win- dows currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify. To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when specifying button and keyboard bindings. Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending syn- thetic events NoTitleFocus is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downicon- mgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard. BUGS The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window lists. The IconRegion variable should take a list. Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved. If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in IconManager- DontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the proper screen. This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and for locating the twm startup file. FILES $HOME/.twmrc.<screen number> $HOME/.twmrc <XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc SEE ALSO X(1X), Xdec(1X), xdm(1X), xrdb(1X) AUTHORS Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer. twm(1X)