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STARTTLS(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual STARTTLS(8) NAME starttls - ESMTP over TLS/SSL DESCRIPTION STARTTLS is an ESMTP option, defined in RFC 3207, which is used to conduct ESMTP transactions over TLS circuits. This is used to increase the security of mail server transactions. STARTTLS allows for the combination of several security solutions for MTA (mail transport agent) level services through the TLS suite. These security features include: Confidentiality Encryption is used to protect data from passive monitoring. An attacker would have to recover the encryption key used to decode the transmitted data. Integrity Hash algorithms are used to ensure the integrity of the transmitted data, and alternatively the timestamp, protecting against a replay attack. This protects data from modification in transit. Authentication The use of public key encryption allows for the strong authentication of either, or both, communicating parties. This can be used to allow for select features, such as relaying, to be controlled more securely. A new ESMTP option, STARTTLS, has been added. This is presented by the server when an ESMTP session is initiated. The client then begins the TLS portion of the ESMTP session by issuing the command "STARTTLS". The remaining portion of the ESMTP session occurs over a TLS channel. Creating a private key and certificate for an MTA This example assumes you are creating your own self-signed certificates for use with smtpd(8) and STARTTLS. If you have an existing private key and you simply wish to generate a new certificate (for example, if your old certificate has expired), see the section entitled Creating a certificate with an existing private key. For the purposes of this example the certificates will be stored in /etc/ssl, though it is possible to use a different directory if needed. Next, you must generate an RSA private key: # openssl genrsa -out /etc/ssl/private/mail.example.com.key 4096 This would generate a 4096-bit RSA key stored in the file mail.example.com.key. Once you have generated the RSA key, you can generate a certificate from it using the command: # openssl req -x509 -new -key /etc/ssl/private/mail.example.com.key \ -out /etc/ssl/mail.example.com.crt -days 365 You may adjust the lifetime of the certificate via the -days parameter (one year in this example). You can verify that the newly-generated certificate has correct information with the following command: # openssl x509 -in /etc/ssl/mail.example.com.crt -text Because the private key files are unencrypted, MTAs can be picky about using tight permissions on those files. The certificate directory and the files therein should be readable and writable only by the owner (root). A simple way to ensure this is to run the following: # chmod -R go-rwx /etc/ssl/private Creating a certificate with an existing private key This example assumes you already have an existing private key, /etc/ssl/private/mail.example.com.key. You can generate a new certificate based on this key using the command: # openssl req -x509 -new -key /etc/ssl/private/mail.example.com.key \ -out /etc/ssl/mail.example.com.crt -days 365 # chmod 600 /etc/ssl/mail.example.com.crt You may adjust the lifetime of the certificate via the -days parameter (one year in this example). After having installed the certificates, the mail server needs to be configured to accept TLS sessions and use the key and certificate. For smtpd(8), it's as simple as adding pki configuration to smtpd.conf(5): pki mail.example.com cert "/etc/ssl/mail.example.com.crt" pki mail.example.com key "/etc/ssl/private/mail.example.com.key" listen on [...] tls pki mail.example.com auth After restarting the mail server, a new option should be presented for ESMTP transactions, STARTTLS. You can test this by connecting to the local host and issuing the "EHLO" command. # telnet localhost 25 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. 220 localhost ESMTP OpenSMTPD EHLO localhost After typing EHLO localhost, you should receive something like the following back. 250-localhost Hello localhost [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you 250-8BITMIME 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES 250-SIZE 36700160 250-DSN 250-STARTTLS 250 HELP You should see "STARTTLS" listed along with the other options. If so, congratulations, the MTA will now use TLS to encrypt your mail traffic when the remote server supports it. If not, check /var/log/maillog to see whether the MTA has reported any security problems or other errors. Uses for TLS equipped MTAs The most obvious use of a cryptographically enabled MTA is for confidentiality of the electronic mail transaction and the integrity checking provided by the cipher suite. All traffic between the two mail servers is encrypted, including the sender and recipient addresses. TLS also allows for authentication of either or both systems in the transaction. One use of public key cryptography is for strong authentication. We can use this authentication to selectively relay clients, including other mail servers and mobile clients like laptops. However, there have been some problems getting some mail clients to work using certificate-based authentication. Clients will have to generate certificates and have them signed (for trust validation) by a trusted CA (certificate authority). Note that it is unwise to force all SMTP clients to use TLS, as it is not yet widespread. The RFC document notes that publicly referenced SMTP servers, such as the MX servers for a domain, must not refuse non-TLS connections. However, restricted access SMTP servers, such as those for a corporate intranet, can use TLS as an access control mechanism. SEE ALSO mail(1), openssl(1), smtpd(8), ssl(8) STANDARDS P. Hoffman, SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security, RFC 3207, February 2002. CAVEATS One often forgotten limitation of using TLS on a mail server is the payload of the mail message and the resulting security there. Many virus and worm files are now distributed via electronic mail. While the mail may be encrypted and the servers authenticated, the payload can still be malicious. The use of a good content protection program on the desktop is therefore still of value even with TLS at the MTA level. Because TLS can only authenticate at the server level, true end-to-end authentication of the mail message cannot be performed with only the use of STARTTLS on the server. The use of S/MIME or PGP email and trustworthy key hierarchies can guarantee full confidentiality and integrity of the entire message path. Furthermore, if a mail message traverses more than just the starting and ending servers, there is no way to control interactions between the intervening mail servers, which may use non-secure connections. This introduces a point of vulnerability in the chain. Additionally, SMTP over TLS is not yet widely implemented. The standard, in fact, doesn't require it, leaving it only as an option, though specific sites can configure their servers to force it for specific clients. As such, it is difficult to foresee the widespread use of SMTP using TLS, despite the fact that the standard is, at the date of this writing, over two years old. Lastly, interoperability problems can appear between different implementations. FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE-p8 March 31, 2022 FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE-p8