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MAP(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual MAP(7) NAME map - draw maps on various projections SYNOPSIS map projection [ param ... ] [ option ... ] DESCRIPTION Map prepares on the standard output a map suitable for display by any plotting filter described in plot(1). A menu of projections is pro- duced in response to an unknown projection. For the meanings of params pertinent to particular projections see proj(3). The default data for map are world shorelines. Option -f accesses the higher-resolution World Data Bank II. -f [ feature ... ] Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor. Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones. Features are shore[1-4] seacoasts, lakes, and islands; in the absence of -m, op- tion -f automatically includes shore1 ilake[1-2] intermittent lakes river[1-4] rivers iriver[1-3] intermittent rivers canal[1-3] 3=irrigation canals glacier iceshelf[12] reef saltpan[12] country[1-3] 2=disputed boundaries, 3=indefinite boundaries state states and provinces (US and Canada only) In other options coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude and west longitude counted as positive. -l S N E W Set the southern and northern latitude and the eastern and western lon- gitude limits. Missing arguments are filled out from the list -90, 90, -180, 180. -k S N E W Set the scale as if for a map with limits -l S N E W and no -w option. -o lat lon rot Orient the map in a nonstandard position. Imagine a transparent grid- ded sphere around the globe. Turn the overlay about the North Pole so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0) of the overlay coincides with meridian lon on the globe. Then tilt the North Pole of the overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude lat on the globe. Finally again turn the overlay about its `North Pole' so that its Prime Meridian co- incides with the previous position of meridian rot. Project the map in the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting informa- tion from the underlying globe. Missing arguments are filled out from the list 90, 0, 0. In the absence of -o, the orientation is 90, 0, m, where m is the middle of the longitude range. -w S N E W Window the map by the specified latitudes and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system. Missing arguments are filled out from the list -90, 90, -180, 180. (It is wise to give an encompassing -l option with -w. Otherwise for small windows computing time varies inversely with area!) -d n For speed, plot only every nth point. -r Reverse left and right (good for star charts and inside-out views). -s1 -s2 Superpose. Outputs for a -s1 map (no closing) and a -s2 map (no open- ing) may be concatenated. -g dlat dlon res Grid spacings are dlat, dlon. Zero spacing means no grid. Missing dlat is taken to be zero. Missing dlon is taken the same as dlat. Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of res (2<degree> or less by de- fault). In the absence of -g, grid spacing is 10<degree>. -p lat lon extent Position the point lat, lon at the center of a square plotting area. Scale the map so that a side of the square is extent times the size of one degree of latitude at the center. By default maps are scaled and positioned to fit within the plotting area. An extent overrides option -k. -c x y rot After all other positioning and scaling operations, rotate the image rot degrees counterclockwise about the center and move the center to position x, y, of the plotting area, whose nominal extent is -1<=x<=1, -1<=y<=1. The map is clipped to this area. Missing arguments are taken to be 0. -m [ file ... ] Use map data from named files. If no files are named, omit map data. Files that cannot be found directly are looked up a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the data for -f, world World Data Bank I from CIA (default) states US map from Census Bureau counties US map from Census Bureau The environment variables MAP and MAPDIR change the default map and de- fault directory. -b [ lat1 lon1 lat2 lon2 ... ] Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary (defined by options -l and -w). Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a polygon to which the map is clipped. If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the diagonal of a rectangle. To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a -u track. -t file ... The arguments name ASCII files that contain lists of points, given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees. If the first file is named the standard input is taken instead. The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'. Points in a track file may be followed by label strings. A label breaks the track. A label may be prefixed by ", or and is terminated by a newline. An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with " is dis- played at the designated point. The first word of a or string names a special symbol (see option -y). An optional numerical second word is a scale factor for the size of the symbol, 1 by default. A symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a symbol is aligned vertically on the page. -u file ... Same as -t, except the tracks are unbroken lines. (-t tracks are dot- dash lines.) -y file The file contains plot(5)-style data for or labels in -t or -u files. Each symbol is defined by a comment :name then a sequence of and com- mands. Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point. Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were commands in file change the scaling. EXAMPLES map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 A view looking down on New York from 100 miles (0.025 of the 4000-mile earth radius). The job can be done faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot' the invisible part of the world: A circular border can be forced by adding option (Latitude 77.33<degree> falls just inside a polar cap of opening angle ar- ccos(1/1.025) = 12.6804<degree>.) map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180 A map whose `equator' is a great circle pasing east-west through New York. The pole of the map is placed 90<degree> away (40.75+49.25=90) on the other side of the earth. A 180<degree> twist around the pole of the map arranges that the Prime Merid- ian of the map runs from the pole of the map over the North Pole to New York instead of down the back side of the earth. The same effect can be had from map mercator -o 130.75 74 map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states A customary curved-latitude map of the United States. map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -y yfile -t tfile An example of tracks, labels, and symbols. Arrows at New York and Miami are 8% and 12% as long as the map is wide. The con- tents of and are ra -50 -50 50 50 25.77 80.20 :arrow 12 :arrow 25.77 80.20 Miami m -1 0 25.77 80.20 v 0 0 35.00 74.02 v -.6 .3 40.67 74.02 !arrow 8 m -.6 -.3 40.67 74.02 " New York v 0 0 34.05 118.25 Los Angeles map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0 A fan view covering 60<degree> on either side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius above the North Pole gazing at the earth's limb, which is 30<degree> off vertical. Option -o overrides the default -o 90 0 180, which would rotate the scene to behind the observer. FILES All files in directory $MAPDIR World Data Bank II for option -f world,states,counties default and other maps for option -m map indexes the program proper SEE ALSO map(5), proj(3), plot(1) DIAGNOSTICS `Map seems to be empty'--a coarse survey found zero extent within the -l and -w bounds; for maps of limited extent the grid resolution, res, or the limits may have to be refined. BUGS The syntax of range specifications in -y files differs from that in op- tions. Windows (option -w) cannot cross the Date Line. No borders appear along edges arising from visibility limits. Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped. Certain very long line segments are dropped on the assumption that they were intended to go the other way around the world. Automatic scaling may miss the extreme points of peculiarly shaped maps; use option -p to recover. Although map draws grid lines dotted and -t tracks dot-dashed, many plotting filters cannot cope and make them solid. MAP(7)