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join(1) General Commands Manual join(1) NAME join - Joins the lines of two files SYNOPSIS Current syntax join [-a file_number|-v file_number] [-e string] [-o number.field,...] [-t character] [-1 field] [-2 field] file1 file2 Obsolescent syntax [join] [-a number] [-e string] [-j number|field|number field] [-o num- ber.field,...] [-t character] file1 file2 The join command reads file1 and file2 and joins lines in the files that contain common fields, or otherwise according to the options, and writes the results to standard output. STANDARDS Interfaces documented on this reference page conform to industry stan- dards as follows: join: XPG4, XPG4-UNIX Refer to the standards(5) reference page for more information about in- dustry standards and associated tags. OPTIONS Joins on the fieldth field of file1. Fields are decimal integers start- ing with 1. Joins on the fieldth field of file2. Fields are decimal integers starting with 1. Produces an output line for each unpairable line found in file1 if number is 1, or file2 if number is 2. Without -a, join produces output only for lines containing a common field. If both -a 1 and -a 2 are used, all unpairable lines will be output. Re- places empty output fields with string. Joins the two files on field of file number, where number is 1 for file1 or 2 for file2. If you do not specify number, join uses field in each file. Without -j, join uses the first field in each file. The default value for both number and field is 1. (Obsolescent) If you enter only a 1 or a 2 as an argument to -j, join inter- prets this argument as the file number (number); integers greater than 2 are interpreted as the field number (field). Therefore, if you want to specify a field number of 2, you must precede this specification with a number argument; otherwise, the join program interprets the 2 as the file number (number). Produces output lines consisting of the fields specified in one or more number.field arguments, where number is 1 for file1 or 2 for file2, and field is a field number. Multiple -o arguments should be separated with commas. Uses character (a single char- acter) as the field separator character in the input and the output. Every appearance of character in a line is significant. The default separator is a space. If you do not specify -t, join also recognizes the tab and newline characters as separa- tors. With default field separation, the collating sequence is that of sort -b. If you specify -t, the sequence is that of a plain sort. To specify a tab character, enclose it in '' (single quotes). Produces an output line for each unpairable line in file_number (where file_number is 1 or 2), instead of the de- fault output. If both -v 1 and -v 2 are specified, produces output lines for all unpairable lines. OPERANDS The pathnames of files to be used as input. If - (hyphen) is specified for either file, standard input is read. DESCRIPTION The join field is the field in the input files that join looks at to determine what will be included in the output. One line appears in the output for each identical join field appearing in both file1 and file2. The output line consists of the join field, the rest of the line from file1, then the rest of the line from file2. Both input files must be sorted according to the collating sequence specified by the LC_COLLATE environment variable, if set, for the fields where they are to be joined (usually the first field in each line). Fields are normally separated by a space, a tab character, or a newline character. In this case, join treats consecutive separators as one, and discards leading separators. Use the -t option to specify another field separator. EXIT STATUS The following exit values are returned: Successful completion. An er- ror occurred. EXAMPLES Note that the vertical alignment shown in these examples may not be consistent with your output. To perform a simple join operation on two files, phonedir and names, whose first fields are the same, enter: join phonedir names If phonedir contains the following telephone directory: Binst 555-6235 Dickerson 555-1842 Eisner 555-1234 Green 555-2240 Hrarii 555-0256 Janatha 555-7358 Lewis 555-3237 Takata 555-5341 Wozni 555-1234 and names is this listing of names and department numbers: Eisner Dept. 389 Frost Dept. 217 Green Dept. 311 Takata Dept. 454 Wozni Dept. 520 then join phonedir names displays: Eisner 555-1234 Dept. 389 Green 555-2240 Dept. 311 Takata 555-5341 Dept. 454 Wozni 555-1234 Dept. 520 Each line consists of the join field (the last name), followed by the rest of the line found in phonedir and the rest of the line in names. To display unmatched lines as well as matched lines, enter: join -a 2 phonedir names If phonedir contains: Binst 555-6235 Dickerson 555-1842 Eisner 555-1234 Green 555-2240 Hrarii 555-0256 Janatha 555-7358 Lewis 555-3237 Takata 555-5341 Wozni 555-1234 and names contains: Eisner Dept. 389 Frost Dept. 217 Green Dept. 311 Takata Dept. 454 Wozni Dept. 520 then join -a 2 phonedir names displays: Eisner 555-1234 Dept. 389 Frost Dept. 217 Green 555-2240 Dept. 311 Takata 555-5341 Dept. 454 Wozni 555-1234 Dept. 520 This performs the same join operation as in the first example, and also lists the lines of names that have no match in phonedir. It includes Frost's name and department number in the listing, although there is no entry for Frost in phonedir. To display selected fields, enter: join -o 2.3,2.1,1.2 phonedir names This displays the following fields: Field 3 of names (Department Number) Field 1 of names (Last Name) Field 2 of phonedir (Telephone Number) If phonedir contains: Binst 555-6235 Dickerson 555-1842 Eisner 555-1234 Green 555-2240 Hrarii 555-0256 Janatha 555-7358 Lewis 555-3237 Takata 555-5341 Wozni 555-1234 and names contains: Eisner Dept. 389 Frost Dept. 217 Green Dept. 311 Takata Dept. 454 Wozni Dept. 520 then join -o 2.3,2.1,1.2 phonedir names displays: 389 Eisner 555-1234 311 Green 555-2240 454 Takata 555-5341 520 Wozni 555-1234 To perform the join operation on a field other than the first, enter: sort -b -k 2,3 phonedir | join -1 2 - numbers This combines the lines in phonedir and names, comparing the second field of phonedir to the first field of numbers. First, this sorts phonedir by the second field because both files must be sorted by their join fields. The output of sort is then piped to join. The - (dash) by itself causes the join com- mand to use this output as its first file. The -1 2 defines the second field of the sorted phonedir as the join field. This is compared to the first field of numbers because its join field is not specified with a -2 option. If phonedir contains: Binst 555-6235 Dickerson 555-1842 Eisner 555-1234 Green 555-2240 Hrarii 555-0256 Janatha 555-7358 Lewis 555-3237 Takata 555-5341 Wozni 555-1234 and numbers contains: 555-0256 555-1234 555-5555 555-7358 then sort ... | join ... displays: 555-0256 Hrarii 555-1234 Eisner 555-1234 Wozni 555-7358 Janatha Each number in numbers is listed with the name listed in phonedir for that number. Note that join lists all the matches for a given field. In this case, join lists both Eisner and Wozni as having the telephone number 555-1234. The number 555-5555 is not listed because it does not appear in phonedir. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The following environment variables affect the execution of join: Pro- vides a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the default locale is used. If any of the internationalization vari- ables contain an invalid setting, the utility behaves as if none of the variables had been defined. If set to a non-empty string value, over- rides the values of all the other internationalization variables. De- termines the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi- byte characters in arguments and input files). Determines the locale for the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error. Determines the location of message catalogues for the process- ing of LC_MESSAGES. SEE ALSO Commands: awk(1), cmp(1), comm(1), cut(1), diff(1), grep(1), paste(1), sdiff(1), sed(1), sort(1), uniq(1) Standards: standards(5) join(1)