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Japanese(5) File Formats Manual Japanese(5) NAME Japanese, japanese - Introduction to Japanese language support DESCRIPTION There are two national standards that specify the Japanese character sets used for information interchange. The JIS X0201 standard specifies a single-byte character set that consists of Roman letters and Katakana characters. The JIS X0208 standard specifies a primary set of Japanese ideographic characters. The operating system supports both standards with coded character sets (codesets), locales, device, and other kinds of system files. Codesets There are several codesets available to support Japanese. The following list describes both the codesets and the strings that represent the codesets in the names of locales, codeset converters, or both: See deckanji(5) for more information about the DEC Kanji codeset. See eu- cJP(5) for more information about the Japanese EUC codeset. See sdeck- anji(5) for more information about the Super DEC Kanji codeset. The Shift JIS encoding format is identical to the Microsoft code-page (cp932) format used on PC systems. Therefore, you can use codeset con- verters whose names contain SJIS to convert data to and from cp932 for- mat. See shiftjis(5) for more information about the Shift JIS code- set. JIS KANJI characters can be either JIS7 (representing characters in 7-bit bytes) or JIS8 (representing characters in 8-bit bytes). Depending on the kana input value, the string that represents the JIS7 codeset in a codeset converter name is ei- ther jis7, JIS7, or jiskanji7. JIS KANJI codesets are supported only for conversion operations as indicated by the following table. These codesets are not supported by locales or for direct input and output. l l lw(2.3i). _ Codeset Codeset Conversion T{ Terminal Code Conversion T} _ jis7 Y Y jiskanji7 Y N jis8 N Y _ See jiskanji(5) for more information about JIS KANJI codesets, stty(1) for information about terminal code conversion, and iconv_intro(5) for information about codeset conversion. The ISO 2022-JP codeset is supported only for codeset conversion. It is not supported by locales, for terminal code conversion, or for direct input and output. See ISO-2022-JP(5) for more information about the ISO 2022-JP codeset. The ISO 2022-JPext codeset (which is an extended ver- sion of ISO 2022-JP) is supported only for codeset conversion. It is not supported by locales, for terminal code conversion, or for direct input and output. See ISO-2022-JP(5) for more information about the Extended ISO 2022-JP codeset. These encoding formats are supported only through locales or codeset converters, not for terminal code conversion or for direct input and output. See Unicode(5) for more information about UCS-2, UCS-4, and UTF-8. Locales The following list specifies Japanese locales for Japan and the code- sets they support: ja_JP.deckanji, for DEC Kanji ja_JP.eucJP, for Japanese EUC ja_JP.sdeckanji, for Super DEC Kanji ja_JP.SJIS, for Shift JIS The ja_JP.deckanji@ucs4 and ja_JP.SJIS@ucs4 locale variants also exist for applications that need to convert file data in deckanji and SJIS format to UCS-4 process code to perform certain character-classifica- tion operations. You can use the locale command (see locale(1)) to display the names of locales installed on your system. See i18n_intro(5) for information on setting locale. In a windows environment, you also need to set the session language. The way you do this depends on which windows environment you are using: In the Common Desktop environment (CDE), use the Language menu accessed from the login window Options button. In the DECwindows environment, use the Language Option dialog box invoked from the Session Manager's Options menu. Japanese-Specific Character Properties The Japanese locales (including the @ucs4 variants) define the follow- ing properties (or classes) for characters: Characters for which the isascii() function returns a nonzero (TRUE) value English-language characters as defined by the System V Multi-National Language Specifi- cation (MNLS) User-defined and vendor-defined characters (UDCs and VDCs) Ideographic characters as defined by the System V Multi-National Language Specification (MNLS) Digit characters as defined by JIS X0208 Katakana characters and the voiced, semivoiced, and prolonged sound marks as defined by JIS X0201 Hiragana characters as defined by JIS X0208 All printable characters as defined by JIS X0201 All printable, right-hand side characters as defined by JIS X0201 All printable char- acters as defined by JIS X0208 All printable characters as defined by JIS X012 Kanji characters as defined by JIS X0208 and JIS X0212, the Kanji iteration mark as defined in JIS X 0208, and the Han-numeral zero as defined by JIS X0208 Katakana characters as defined by JIS X0201 and JIS X0208; the voiced, semivoiced, and prolonged sound marks as defined by JIS X0208 and JIS X0201; the Katakana iteration marks as defined by JIS X0208 Kana bracket characters as defined by JIS X0201 and the parentheses characters as defined by JIS X0208 The space character as defined by JIS X0208 Line-drawing characters as defined by JIS X0208 Numbers as defined by the System V Multi-National Language Specifica- tion (MNLS) Parentheses and other paired symbols as defined by JIS X0201 and JIS X0208 Phonograms as defined by the System V Multi-Na- tional Language Specification (MNLS) Special characters as defined by the System V Multi-National Language Specification (MNLS) User-defined characters Vendor-defined characters These properties supplement the ones specified by the XSH standard. Refer to locale(4), wctype(3), and iswctype(3) for general information about how characters are assigned properties in locales and how appli- cations test characters for supplemental properties. Keyboards, Servers, and Input Methods The operating system supports the following Japanese keyboards: A Japanese version of the LK201 keyboard. A Japanese version of the LK401 keyboard. A Japanese version of the LK401 keyboard. This model provides JIS layout and special keys for Japanese input methods. A Japanese version of the LK401 keyboard. This model provides ANSI layout and special keys for Japanese input methods. A Japanese version of the LK421 keyboard. This model does not have special keys for Japanese in- put methods. A Japanese version of the LK421 keyboard. This model provides UNIX layout and special keys for Japanese input methods. A Japanese version of the LK97W keyboard. This model has special keys for Japanese input methods. A Japanese version of the PC keyboard. This model has special keys for Japanese input methods. For the Motif environment, the operating system provides the dxjim in- put server to support Japanese input methods. Refer to the dxjim(1X) reference page for more information. You can start this input server with the following command: % /usr/bin/X11/dxjim & The input server must be running before you start the application win- dow where you enter Japanese characters. There are two main mechanisms for entering Japanese characters: Kana input, for entering Kana characters The Kana input mechanism is provided by the firmware of Japanese video terminals (see the Japanese Terminals section). Input methods, for entering two-byte Kanji characters, Kana charac- ters, letters, and symbols defined in JIS X0208. Input methods allow characters to be entered and converted to other charac- ters. The four input methods are as follows: Romaji-to-Kanji Kana-to-Kanji Internal Code JIS Ku-ten Code In the Motif environment, you must load a Japanese key mapping table (keymap) that is appropriate for your keyboard. See keyboard(5) for in- formation on loading a keymap. All the Japanese keyboards and keymaps support locking-shift mode switching. In other words, you can enter English characters in the Mode Switch Off state and Kana characters in the Mode Switch On state. The keys used to toggle the input mode differ according to whether you are using a Japanese VT terminal or, in the Motif environment, the keymap that has been loaded. For Japanese VT terminals, press the Com- pose key In the Motif environment: For LK201-J* keymaps, hold down the Compose key and press the Space bar For other Japanese keymaps, press the Compose, or Comp, key if there is one. Otherwise, press the right Ctrl key. These keys are defaults and can be changed by the user. For operation within a Motif environment, the operating system provides the dxjim input server, which must be started before any window where Japanese input methods are used. Use the following command to start this server: % /usr/bin/X11/dxjim & Japanese Terminals The operating system supports the VT282-J, VT382-J, and VT383-J termi- nals for Japanese. Running DECwindows Motif Applications X or Motif applications require non-ASCII fonts to display Japanese characters. Therefore, you must set the font path appropriately before starting an application that displays Japanese characters. An applica- tion can find Japanese fonts in either of the following directories: /usr/i18n/lib/X11/fonts/decwin/75dpi, for low resolution display /usr/i18n/lib/X11/fonts/decwin/100dpi, for high resolution display Before you start a Japanese application, use the following command to check the font path: % xset q If one of the directories in the preceding list is not in the font path, the following example shows how to add the directory. You can substitute 100dp for 75dpi if you want high resolution display. % xset +fp /usr/i18n/lib/X11/decwin/75dpi/ % xset fp rehash After ensuring that the font path is set correctly and that the dxjim input server is running (see the section on input devices, servers, and methods), you can use the following steps to start a Japanese applica- tion: If you have not already made the desired language setting, then: Choose Language from the Option menu. Select the Japanese language that you want the application to use. The available Japanese language options reflect the different codesets supported by Japanese locales, as follows: This lan- guage option is equivalent to Japanese (EUC). Press the OK but- ton. Choose the application you want to start from the Applica- tion menu. Printers The operating system supports the following Japanese printers. The as- sociated print filter is noted in parentheses following the printer name. Japanese dot-matrix printers LA84-J (la84of) LA86-J (la86of) LA90-J (la90of) LA280-J (la280of) Japanese graphic line printers LA380-J (la380of) Japanese laser printers LN03-J (ln03jaof) LN05-J (ln05jaof) Japanese PostScript printers LN82R (ln82rof) PostScript fonts for Japanese printers are printer resident. To print Japanese text on generic PostScript printers, you can customize a print filter to convert Japanese bitmap fonts to PostScript font encoding. Refer to wwpsof(8) for more information. See i18n_printing(5) for a general discussion of printer support op- tions. EXAMPLES This section shows the steps in the DECwindows environment to set up Japanese language support, start the DECterm application, display a reference page translated to Japanese, and toggle input mode to Japan- ese. Make sure that the font path includes either the 75dpi or 100dpi directory that contains fonts for Asian languages: % xset q If neither /usr/i18n/lib/decwin/75dpi/ nor /usr/i18n/lib/decwin/75dpi/ is included in the display, add one of them to the font path. For example: % xset +fp /usr/i18n/lib/decwin/75dpi/ % xset fp rehash If it is not al- ready running, start the dxjim input server: % /usr/bin/X11/dxjim & Choose Keyboard from the Option menu In the the Keyboard Options dialog box, select the keymap most appro- priate for your keyboard. Then click on the Apply and OK but- tons. Choose Language from the Option menu, select one of the Japanese language optons in the Language Options dialog box, and click on the OK button Create a new DECterm window by choosing DECterm from the Application menu. Display the ls(1) reference page: % man ls By default, your input mode allows you to type English characters. To enter Japanese Kana characters, toggle the input mode to Japanese by pressing the Compose or right Ctrl key or (for LK201 keymaps) by holding down the Compose key while pressing the space bar. SEE ALSO Commands: asort(1), locale(1), lp(1), lpr(1), dxjim(1X), xset(1X), lpd(8), lprsetup(8) Files: printcap(4) Others: code_page(5), deckanji(5), eucJP(5), i18n_intro(5), i18n_print- ing(5), iconv_intro(5), iso2022jp(5), jiskanji(5), keyboard(5), l10n_intro(5), sdeckanji(5), shiftjis(5), Unicode(5) Japanese(5)