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charmap(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual charmap(4) NAME charmap - Defines character symbols as character encodings DESCRIPTION The character set description (charmap) file defines character symbols as character encodings. This file is the source file for a coded char- acter set, or codeset. All supported codesets have the Portable Char- acter Set (PCS) as a proper subset. The PCS consists of the following character symbols (listed by their standardized symbolic names) and hexadecimal encodings: tab(@); lb lb l l . _ Symbol Name@Hexadecimal Encoding _ <NUL>@\x00 <SOH>@\x01 <STX>@\x02 <ETX>@\x03 <EOT>@\x04 <ENQ>@\x05 <ACK>@\x06 <alert>@\x07 <backspace>@\x08 <tab>@\x09 <newline>@\x0A <vertical-tab>@\x0B <form-feed>@\x0C <carriage-return>@\x0D <SO>@\x0E <SI>@\x0F <DLE>@\x10 <DC1>@\x11 <DC2>@\x12 <DC3>@\x13 <DC4>@\x14 <NAK>@\x15 <SYN>@\x16 <ETB>@\x17 <CAN>@\x18 <EM>@\x19 <SUB>@\x1A <ESC>@\x1B <IS4>@\x1C <IS3>@\x1D <IS2>@\x1E <IS1>@\x1F <space>@\x20 <exclamation-mark>@\x21 <quotation-mark>@\x22 <number-sign>@\x23 <dol- lar-sign>@\x24 <percent>@\x25 <ampersand>@\x26 <apostrophe>@\x27 <left- parenthesis>@\x28 <right-parenthesis>@\x29 <asterisk>@\x2A <plus- sign>@\x2B <comma>@\x2C <hyphen>@\x2D <period>@\x2E <slash>@\x2F <zero>@\x30 <one>@\x31 <two>@\x32 <three>@\x33 <four>@\x34 <five>@\x35 <six>@\x36 <seven>@\x37 <eight>@\x38 <nine>@\x39 <colon>@\x3A <semi- colon>@\x3B <less-than>@\x3C <equal-sign>@\x3D <greater-than>@\x3E@ <question-mark>@\x3F <commercial-at>@\x40 <A>@\x41 <B>@\x42 <C>@\x43 <D>@\x44 <E>@\x45 <F>@\x46 <G>@\x47 <H>@\x48 <I>@\x49 <J>@\x4A <K>@\x4B <L>@\x4C <M>@\x4D <N>@\x4E <O>@\x4F <P>@\x50 <Q>@\x51 <R>@\x52 <S>@\x53 <T>@\x54 <U>@\x55 <V>@\x56 <W>@\x57 <X>@\x58 <Y>@\x59 <Z>@\x5A <left- bracket>@\x5B <backslash>@\x5C <right-bracket>@\x5D <circumflex>@\x5E <underscore>@\x5F <grave-accent>@\x60 <a>@\x61 <b>@\x62 <c>@\x63 <d>@\x64 <e>@\x65 <f>@\x66 <g>@\x67 <h>@\x68 <i>@\x69 <j>@\x6A <k>@\x6B <l>@\x6C <m>@\x6D <n>@\x6E <o>@\x6F <p>@\x70 <q>@\x71 <r>@\x72 <s>@\x73 <t>@\x74 <u>@\x75 <v>@\x76 <w>@\x77 <x>@\x78 <y>@\x79 <z>@\x7A <left- brace>@\x7B <vertical-line>@\x7C <right-brace>@\x7D <tilde>@\x7E <DEL>@\x7F _ The charmap file has the following components: An optional special sym- bolic name declarations section Each declaration in this section consists of a special symbolic name, followed by one or more space or tab characters, and a value. The following list describes the special symbolic names that you can include in the declarations section: Specifies the name of the codeset for which the charmap file is defined. This value determines the value returned by the nl_langinfo (CODESET) subroutine. If <code_set_name> is not declared, the name for the Portable Character Set is used. Specifies the maximum num- ber of bytes in a character for the codeset. Valid values are 1 to 4. The default value is 1. Specifies the minimum number of bytes in a character for the codeset. Since all supported code- sets have the Portable Character Set as a proper subset, this value must be 1. Specifies the escape character that indicates encodings in hexadecimal or octal notation. The default value is a \ (backslash). Specifies the character used to indicate a comment within a charmap file. The default value is a # (number sign). The CHARMAP section header This header marks the beginning of the section that associates character symbols with encodings. Mapping statements for char- acters in the codeset Each statement lists a symbolic name for a character and its as- sociated encoding. The format of a mapping statement is: <char_symbol> encoding A symbolic name begins with the < (left-angle bracket) character and ends with the > (right-angle bracket) character. The char- acters for char_symbol (between < and >) can be any characters from the Portable Character Set, except for control and space characters. The right-angle bracket (>) can occur in char_symbol as well in the last position of the name. You must precede all > characters but the last one with the escape character (as specified by the <escape_char> special symbolic name). The format of a mapping statement is: <char_symbol> encoding An encoding is specified as one or more character constants, with the maximum number of character constants specified by the <mb_cur_max> special symbolic name. The encoding may be listed as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constants with the following formats: \xxx, where x is a hexadecimal digit \ooo or \oo, where o is an octal digit \dddd or \ddd, where d is a decimal digit Some examples of character symbol definitions are the following: <A> \d65 #decimal constant <B> \x42 #hexadecimal constant <j10101> \x81\xA1 #multiple hexadeci- mal constants A range of symbolic names and corresponding encoded values may also be defined, where the nonnumeric prefix for each symbolic name is common, and the numeric portion of the second symbolic name is equal to or greater than the numeric portion of the first symbolic name. In this format, a symbolic name value con- sists of zero or more nonnumeric characters followed by an inte- ger of one or more decimal digits. This format defines a se- ries of symbolic names. For example, the string <j0101>...<j0104> is interpreted as the <j0101>, <j0102>, <j0103>, and <j0104> symbolic names, in that order. In statements defining ranges of symbolic names, the encoded value listed is the value for the first symbolic name in the range. Subsequent symbolic names have encoded values in in- creasing order. For example: <j0101>...<j0104> \d129\d254 The preceding statement is interpreted as follows: <j0101> \d129\d254 <j0102> \d129\d255 <j0103> \d130\d0 <j0104> \d130\d1 Although you cannot assign multiple encodings to one symbolic name, you can create multiple names for one encoded value. This is allowed because some characters have several common names. For example, the "." character is called a period in some parts of the world, and a full stop in others. Both names may appear in the charmap. For example: <period> \x2e <full-stop> \x2e If used, comments must begin with the character specified by the <comment_char> special symbolic name. When an entire line is a comment, you must specify <comment_char> in the first column of the line. The END CHARMAP trailer This entry denotes the end of character map statements. The following example is a portion of a possible charmap file: CHARMAP <code_set_name> "ISO8859-1" <mb_cur_max> 1 <mb_cur_min> 1 <escape_char> \ <comment_char> # <NUL> \x00 <SOH> \x01 <STX> \x02 <ETX> \x03 <EOT> \x04 <ENQ> \x05 <ACK> \x06 <alert> \x07 <back- space> \x09 <tab> \x09 <newline> \x0a <vertical-tab> \x0b <form-feed> \x0c <car- riage-return> \x0d END CHARMAP FILES Character set description (charmap) source files for supported locales. The /usr/lib/nls/loc/charmaps directory does not exist when source files for installed locales are not provided. RELATED INFORMATION Commands: locale(1), localedef(1). Files: locale(4). delim off charmap(4)