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C8RTOMB(3) FreeBSD Library Functions Manual C8RTOMB(3) NAME c8rtomb - Restartable UTF-8 to multibyte conversion LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS #include <uchar.h> size_t c8rtomb(char * restrict s, char8_t c8, mbstate_t * restrict ps); DESCRIPTION The c8rtomb function decodes UTF-8 and converts it to multibyte characters in the current locale, keeping state to remember incremental progress if restarted. Each call to c8rtomb updates the conversion state ps with a UTF-8 code unit c8, writes up to MB_CUR_MAX bytes (possibly none) to s, and returns either the number of bytes written to s or (size_t)-1 to denote error. If s is a null pointer, no output is produced and ps is reset to the initial conversion state, as if the call had been c8rtomb(buf, 0, ps) for some internal buffer buf. If c8 is zero, c8rtomb discards any pending incomplete UTF-8 code unit sequence in ps, outputs a (possibly empty) shift sequence to restore the initial state followed by a NUL byte, and resets ps to the initial conversion state. If ps is a null pointer, c8rtomb uses an internal mbstate_t object with static storage duration, distinct from all other mbstate_t objects (including those used by other functions such as mbrtoc8(3)), which is initialized at program startup to the initial conversion state. RETURN VALUES The c8rtomb function returns the number of bytes written to s on success, or sets errno(2) and returns (size_t)-1 on failure. EXAMPLES Convert a UTF-8 code unit sequence to a multibyte string, NUL-terminate it (with any shift sequence needed to restore the initial state), and print it: char8_t c8[] = { 0xf0, 0x9f, 0x92, 0xa9 }; char buf[(__arraycount(c8) + 1)*MB_LEN_MAX], *s = buf; size_t i; mbstate_t mbs = {0}; /* initial conversion state */ for (i = 0; i < __arraycount(c8); i++) { size_t len; len = c8rtomb(s, c8[i], &mbs); if (len == (size_t)-1) err(1, "c8rtomb"); assert(len < sizeof(buf) - (s - buf)); s += len; } len = c8rtomb(s, 0, &mbs); /* NUL-terminate */ if (len == (size_t)-1) err(1, "c16rtomb"); assert(len <= sizeof(buf) - (s - buf)); printf("%s\n", buf); To avoid a variable-length array, this code uses MB_LEN_MAX, which is a constant upper bound on the locale-dependent MB_CUR_MAX. ERRORS [EILSEQ] c8 is invalid as the next code unit in the conversion state ps. [EILSEQ] The input cannot be encoded as a multibyte sequence in the current locale. [EIO] An error occurred in loading the locale's character conversions. SEE ALSO c16rtomb(3), c32rtomb(3), mbrtoc8(3), mbrtoc16(3), mbrtoc32(3), uchar(3) The Unicode Standard, https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/UnicodeStandard-15.0.pdf, The Unicode Consortium, September 2022, Version 15.0 -- Core Specification. F. Yergeau, UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646, Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3629, https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3629, November 2003. HISTORY The c8rtomb function first appeared in NetBSD 11.0. CAVEATS The standard requires that passing zero as c8 unconditionally reset the conversion state and output a NUL byte: If c8 is a null character, a null byte is stored, preceded by any shift sequence needed to restore the initial shift state; the resulting state described is the initial conversion state. However, some implementations such as glibc 2.36 ignore this clause and, if the zero was preceded by a nonempty incomplete UTF-8 code unit sequence, fail with EILSEQ instead. FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE-p8 August 15, 2024 FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE-p8